[1]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 6.
第1章 记录我的密码
[2]幸运的是，利斯继续他在《士绅》杂志的事业，后来他成为这家季刊的编辑并且在科诺夫出版社创立了文学杂志，他还写了大量的小说和短篇小说集。1994年他被法国期刊《观察家》提名为当代200名重要的作家之一。《科库斯评论》在评论利斯的短篇集《克虏伯的露露》时说：“利斯是我们的乔伊斯，我们的贝克特，我们真正的现代主义者。”
[3]Daniel Max，“Gordon Lish：An Editor Who Attracts Controversy，”St.Petersburg Times，May 3，1987，p. 7D
[4]Leah Garchik，“News Personals，”San Francisco Chronicle，March 1，1991，p. A8.
第2章 死亡大学
[1]对于酒精的味觉也与一个名叫COMT（儿茶酚抑喘定转移酶）的基因的变种有联系，它对应一种可以使多巴胺失效的酵素。然而，我的基因组包含一个变体，该变体与一个较低的酗酒可能性相联系。尽管我喜欢喝酒，看起来我更愿意通过有刺激性的事物来激发我的快乐中枢。
第3章 肾上腺素迷
[1]《诚实的吉姆》的几个最初的副本之一保存在文特尔研究所。
[2]James D. Watson，A Passion for DNA：Genes, Genomes and Society（New York：Oxford University Press，2000），p.97.
[3]Francis Crick，What Mad Pursuit：A Personal View of Scientifc Discovery（London：Weidenfeld and Nicolson，1988），p. 64.
[4]现在成为文特尔研究所收藏的一部分。
[5]James D Watson，The Double Helix Ed G Stent（London：Weidenfeld&Nicolson，1981），p. 98.
[6]James D Watson，Genes, Girls and Gamow（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2001），p. 5.
[7]Matt Ridley，Francis Crick：Discoverer of the Genetic Code（London：Harper Press，2006），p. 77.
[8]Watson，A Passion for DNA，p. 120.
[9]Venter, J. C.，Dixon, J.E.，Maroko, P.R.，and Kaplan, N.O.“Biologically Active Catecholamines Covalently Bound to Glass Beads.”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.，USA 69，1141-1145，1972
第5章 科学的天堂，官僚的地狱
[1]“除了工作我的最大的兴趣就是园艺和‘坐在船里四处游逛’”Fred Sanger，《自传》，Nobelprize.org.例如，他喜欢和César Milstein一起出海。
[2]Chung, F. Z.，Lentes, K.U.，Gocayne, J.D.，Fitzgerald, M.，Robinson, D.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Fraser, C.M.，and Venter, J.C.“Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Human Brain Beta-Adrenergic Receptor：Evolutionary Relationship to Rodent and Avian Beta Receptors and Porcine Muscarinic Receptors.”FEBS Lett211，200-206，1987.
[3]Gocayne, J. D.，Robinson, D.A.，Fitzgerald, M.G.，Chung, F.-Z.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Lentes, K.-U.，Lai, J.-Y.，Wang, C.D.，Fraser, C.M.，and Venter, J.C.，“Primary Structure of Rat Cardiac Beta-Adrenergic and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors Obtained by Automated DNA Sequence Analysis：Further Evidence for a Multigene Family.”Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.，USA 84，8296-8300，1987.
[4]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 139.
[5]限制图就是这样通过利用不同的酵素剪切DNA，然后再判断每个酵素产生的片段的长度而制成的。使用不同的酵素就可以构建“摘要图”给出片段的顺序和大小。当片段被测序后，就知道了酵素剪切的位置，片段就可以以正确的顺序排成限制图。
[6]Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars, p. 184.
[7]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to Capture the Code of Life and Save the World（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 79.当时Watson正在和Gerry Rubin谈话。
[8]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，pp. 313—314.
[9]Ibid.，pp. 226，220.
第6章 大生物学
[1]James D. Watson，DNA：The Secret of Life（New York：Knopf，2003），p.180.
[2]Christopher Anderson and Peter Aldhous，Nature，354，November 14，1991.
[3]James D. Watson，DNA：The Secret of Life，p.280.
[4]Adams, M. D.，Kelley, J.M.，Gocayne, J.D.，Dubnick, M.，Polymeropoulos, M.H.，Xiao, H.，Merril, C.R.，Wu, A.，Olde, B.，Moreno, R.，Kerlavage, A.R.，McCombie, W.R.，and Venter, J.C.，“Complementary DNA Sequencing：‘Expressed Sequence Tags'and the Human Genome Project，”Science252，1651—1656，1991.
[5]Leslie Roberts, Science，252，June 21，1991.
[6]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，The Common Thread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 9.
[7]Ibid.，p. 125.
[8]Leslie Roberts，“Genome Patent Fight Erupts，”ScienceOctober 11，1991，184，Vol. 254，No.5029，184—186.
[9]Robert Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars：Science, Politics and the Human Genome（New York：Norton，1994），p. 311.
[10]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 85.
[11]尽管它是依我的DNA而定，但是它也是由其他的四个人的DNA通过“服从多数原则”构成的。
[12]霰弹枪法的确可以提供足够的DNA片段去铺满这片区域。
[13]Roberts，基因专利战争爆发。
[14]Cook-Degan，The Gene Wars，p. 208.Brenner创造的一个名字，他开玩笑说他自己更愿意称之为THUG（恶棍）。
[15]Peter Aldhous，Nature353，785，1991.
[16]Letter from Jan Witkowski to Craig Venter, October 30，1991.
[17]Christopher Anderson，Nature353，485—486，1991.
[18]Alex Barnum，San Francisco Chronicle，December 2，1991.
[19]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 103.
[20]Robin McKie，“Scandal of U. S.bid to buy vital UK research，”Observer，January 26，1992，21.Ibid.
[21]Ibid
[22]Ibid.，p. 3.
[23]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 115.
[24]布丽奇特·奥格尔维会见罗杰·海菲尔，2006年7月25日。Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p.333.
[25]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 336.
[26]Ibid.，p. 328.
[27]Victor McElheny，WatsonandDNA：MakingaScientifcRevolution（New York：John Wiley，2003），p. 266.
[28]Christopher Anderson，Nature9 July 9，1992，vol. 358，issue 6382.
[29]Michael Gottesman，Purely Academic Molecular Interventions4：10-15（2004）
[30]Gina Kolata，“Biologist's speedy gene method scares peers but gains backers，”TheNewYorkTimes，July 28，1992，p. C1.
[31]Ibid
[32]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 325.
第7章 TIGR问世
[1]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 127.
[2]见第2章注释1。
[3]Gina Kolata，“Biologist's Speedy Gene Method Scares Peers But Gains Backer，”TheNewYorkTimes，July 28，1992，p. C1.
[4]Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars：Science，Politics and the Human Genome（New York：Norton，1994），p. 327.
[5]Francis Collins，The Language of God：A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief（New York：Free Press，2006），p. 36.
[6]Cook-Deegan，The Gene Wars，p. 341.
[7]Editorial，Nature，“Venter's venture”362：575—576，1993
第8章 基因战争
[1]Daniel S. Greenberg，“Clinton Goes Slow on Health Research，”The Baltimore Sun，August 10，1993，p.11A.
[2]Eliot Marshall，“Varmus：the View from Bethesda，”Science，vol. 262，no.5138，p.1364，November 26，1993.
[3]“NIH Shakeup Continues，”Science262：643，1993.
[4]James Shreeve，TheGenomeWar（New York：Ballantine，2004），p. 90.
[5]Sandra Sugawara，“A Healthy Vision，”The Washington Post，November 16，1992.
[6]Robert F. Massung*，Joseph J.Esposito, Li-ing Liu, Jin Qi, Theresa R.Utterback, Janice C.Knight, Lisa Aubin, Thomas E.Yuran, Joseph M.Parsons, Vladimir N.Loparev, Nickolay A.Selivanov, Kathleen F.Cavallaro*，Anthony R.Kerlavage, Brian W.J.Mahy&J.Craig Venter.Potential virulence determinants in terminal regions of variola smallpox virus genome.Nature 366，（December 30，1993）pp.748—751.
[7]“Gone but not forgotten，”TheEconomist，August 14，1993.
[8]Betsy Wagner，“Smallpox is Now a Hostage in the Lab，”The Washington Post，January 4，1994.
[9]Christopher Anderson，“NIH Drops Bid for Gene Patents，”Science263：909—910，February 18，1994.
[10]然而，基因绝不是问题的全部：在2002年《科学》的一篇文章里伦敦大学国王学院的Terrie Moffitt发现一个有趣的先天后天的影响，他发现仅仅被虐待和不太活跃的孩子才更有可能发展出行为问题。Caspi, A.，McClay, J，Moffi tt, T.，Mill, J.，Martin, J.，Craig, I，Taylor, A.，and Poulton, R.（2002）.Evidence that the cycle of violence in maltreated children depends on genotype.Science，297，851—854.
[11]Eliot Marshall，“HGS Opens Its Databanks—For a Price，”Science266，25，October 7，1994；and David Dickson，“HGS seeks exclusive option on all patents using its cDNA sequences，”Nature371，463，October 6，1994.
[12]“Breast Cancer Discovery Sparks New Debate on Patenting Human Genes，”Nature371，271—272，September 22，1994.
[13]“Ownership and the Human Genome，”Nature371，363—364，September 29，1994.
[14]Jerry Bishop，“Merck's Plan for Public-Domain Gene Data Could Blow Lid Off Secret Genetic Research，”TheWallStreetJournal Europe，September 30，1994.
[15]Eliot Marshall，“A Showdown Over Gene Fragments，”Science266，208—210，October 14，1994.
[16]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry， TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 139.
[17]Eliot Marshall，“The Company That Genome Researchers Love to Hate，”Science266，1800—1802，December 16，1994.
第9章 霰弹枪法测序
[1]Ashburner, M.，Won for All：How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced（Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2006），p. 7.
[2]Rachel Nowak，“Venter Wins Sequence Race—Twice，”Science268，1273，June 2，1995.
[3]Time，June 5，1995，p. 21.
[4]Nicholas Wade，“Bacterium's Full Gene Makeup Is Decoded，”May 26，1995，p. A16.
[5]Fleischmann, R. D.，Adams, M.D.，White, O.，Clayton, R.A.，Kirkness, E.F.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Bult, C.J.，Tomb, J.-F.，Doughtery, B.A.，Merrick, J.M.，McKenney, K.，Sutton, G.，FitzHugh, W.，Fields, C.，Gocayne, J.D.，Scott, J.，Shirley, R.，Liu, L.-I.，Glodek, A.，Kelley, J.M.，Weidman, J.F.，Phillips, C.A.，Spriggs, T.，Hedblom, E.，Cotton, M.D.，Utterback, T.R.，Hanna, M.C.，Nguyen, D.T.，Saudek, D.M.，Brandon, R.C.，Fine, L.D.，Fritchman, J.L.，Fuhrmann, J.L.，Geoghagen, N.S.M.，Gnehm, C.L.，McDonald, L.A.，Small, K.V.，Fraser, C.M.，Smith, H.O.，Venter, J.C.“Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly ofHaemophilusinfuenzaeRd，”Science 269，496—512，1995.
[6]Smith, H. O.，Tomb, J.-F.，Doughtery, B.A.，Fleischmann, R.D.，and Venter, J.C.，“Frequency and Distribution of DNA Uptake Signal Sequences in theHaemophilus inf uenzaeRd Genome，”Science 269，538—540，1995.
[7]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 110.
[8]Nicholas Wade，“First Sequencing of Cell's DNA Defi nes Basis of Life，”The New York Times，August 1，1995，p. C1.
[9]Rachel Nowak，“Homing In on the Human Genome，”Science269，469，July 28，1995.
[10]Fraser, C. M.，Gocayne, J.D.，White, O.，Adams, M.D.，Clayton, R.A.，Fleischmann, R.，Bult, C.J.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Sutton, G.，Kelley, J.M.，Fritchman, J.L.，Weidman, J.F.，Small, K.V.，Sandusky, M.，Fuhrmann, J.，Nguyen, D.，Utterback, T.R.，Saudek, D.M.，Phillips, C.A.，Merrick, J.M.，
Tomb, J.，Dougherty, B. A.，Bott, K.F.，Hu, P.，Lucier, T.S.，Peterson S.N.，Smith, H.O.，Hutchison, C.A.，Venter, J.C.“The Minimal Gene Complement ofMycoplasma genitalium，”Science 270，397—403，1995.
[11]Andre Goffeau，“Life with 482 Genes，”Science270，October 20，1995.
[12]Karen Young Kreeger，“First Completed Microbial Genomes Signal Birth of New Area of Study，”The Scientist，November 27，1995.
[13]Adams, M. D.，Kerlavage, A.R.，Fleischmann, R.D.，Fuldner, R.A.，Bult, C.J.，Lee, N.H.，Kirkness, E.F.，Weinstock, K.G.，Gocayne, J.D.，White, O.，Sutton, G.，Blake, J.A.，Brandon, R.C.，Man-Wai, C.，Clayton, R.A.，Cline, R.T.，Cotton, M.D.，Earle-Hughes, J.，Fine, L.D.，FitzGerald, L.M.，FitzHugh, W.M.，Fritchman, J.L.，Geoghagen, N.S.，Glodek, A.，Gnehm, C.L.，Hanna, M.C.，Hedbloom, E.，Hinkle, Jr.，P.S.，Kelley, J.M.，Kelley, J.C.，Liu, L.I.，Marmaros, S.M.，Merrick, J.M.，Moreno-Palanques, R.F.，McDonald, L.A.，Nguyen, D.T.，Pelligrino, S.M.，Phillips, C.A.，Ryder, S.E.，Scott, J.L.，Saudek, D.M.，Shirley, R.Small, K.V.，Spriggs, T.A.，Utterback, T.R.，Weidman, J.F.，Li, Y.，Bednarik, D.P.，Cao, L.，Cepeda, M.A.，Coleman, T.A.，Collins, E.J.，Dimke, D.，Feng, P.，Ferrie, A.，Fischer, C.，Hastings, G.A.，He, W.W.，Hu, J.S.，Greene, J.M.，Gruber, J.，Hudson, P.，Kim, A.，Kozak, D.L.，Kunsch, C.，Hungjun, J.，Li, H.，Meissner, P.S.，Olsen, H.，Raymond, L.，Wei, Y.F.，Wing, J.，Xu, C.，Yu, G.L.，Ruben, S.M.，Dillon, P.J.，Fannon, M.R.，Rosen, C.A.，Haseltine, W.A.，Fields, C.，Fraser, C.M.，Venter, J.C.“Initial Assessment of Human Gene Diversity and Expression Patterns Based Upon 52 Million Basepairs of cDNA Sequence.”Nature377 suppl.，3—174，1995.
[14]John Maddox，“Directory to the human genome，”Nature376，pp. 459—460，August 10，1995.
[15]Elyse Tanouye，The Wall Street Journal，September 28，1995.
[16]Tim Friend，USA Today，vr 28，1995.
[17]Nicholas Wade，The New York Times，September 28，1995.
[18]David Brown and Rick Weiss，TheWashingtonPost，September 28，1955.
[19]Sue Goetinck，The Dallas Morning News，September 28，1995.
[20]Ibid.
[21]John Carey，“The Gene Kings，”Business Week，May 8，1995.
[22]Richard Jerome，“The Gene Hunter，”People，June 12，1995.
[23]Troy Goodman, U. S.News and World Report，October 9，1995.
[24]Bult, C. J.，White, O.，Olsen, G.J.，Zhou, L.，Fleischmann, R.D.，Sutton, G.G.，Blake, J.A.，FitzGerald, L.M.，Clayton, R.A.，Gocayne, J.D.，Kerlavage, A.R.Dougherty, B.A.Tomb, J.-F.，Adams, M.D.，Reich, C.I.，Overbeek, R.，Kirkness, E.F.，Weinstock, K.G.，Merrick, J.M.，Glodek, A.，Scott, J.L.，Geoghagen, S.M.，Weidman, J.F.，Fuhrmann, J.L.，Nguyen, D.，Utterback, T.R.，Kelley, J.M.，Peterson, J.D.，Sadow, P.W.，Hanna, M.C.，Cotton, M.D.，Roberts, K.M.Hurst, M.A.，Kaine, B.P.，Borodovsky, M.，Klenk, H.-P.，Fraser, C.M.，Smith, H.O.，Woese, C.R and Venter, J.C.“Complete Genome Sequence of the Methanogenic Archaeon， Methanococcus jannaschii，”Science 372，1058—1073，1996.
[25]Tim Friend，USA Today，August 23—25，1996.
[26]The Christian Science Monitor，August 23，1996.
[27]The Economist，August 24，1996.
[28]Jim Wilson，Popular Mechanics，December 1996.
[29]San Jose Mercury News，August 23，1996.
[30]Curt Suplee，The Washington Post，September 30，1996.
[31]Nicholas Wade，“Thinking Small Paying Off Big in Gene Quest，”The New York Times，February 3，1997.
第10章 机构脱离
[1]Gina Kolata，“Wallace Steinberg Dies at 61；Backed Health Care Ventures，”The New York Times，July 29，1995.
[2]Angus Phillips，“He Leaves His Body to Science, His Heart to Sailing.”The Washington Post，November 24，1996.
[3]Nicholas Wade，The New York Times，June 24，1997.
[4]Beth Berselli，“Gene Split；Research Partners Human Genome and TIGR Are Ending Their Marriage of Convenience，”The Washington Post，July 7，1997.
[5]The（Memphis）Commercial Appeal，July 4，1997.
[6]TimFriend，“20000 New Genes Boon to Research，”USAToday，June 25，1997.
[7]Ibid.
第11章 测序人类
[1]Maurice Wilkins，The Third Man of the Double Helix：The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2003），p. 206.
[2]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine Books，2005），p. 19.
[3]Elizabeth Pennisi，“DNA Sequencers'Trial by Fire，”Science280，814—817，May 8，1998.
[4]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread，（London：Corgi，2003），p. 172.
[5]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 163.
[6]Ibid.，p. 21.
[7]Nicholas Wade，“Scientist's Plan：Map All DNA Within 3 Years，”The New York Times，May 10，1998，p. 1，20
[8]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]Nicholas Wade，“Beyond Sequencing of Human DNA，”The New York Times，May 12，1998.
[11]Sulston and Ferry, The Common Thread, p. 172.
[12]Ibid.，p. 174.
[13]Justin Gillis and Rick Weiss，“Private Firm Aims to Beat Government to Gene Map，”The Washington Post，May 12，1998，A01.
[14]Nicholas Wade，“Beyond Sequencing of Human DNA.”
[15]Gillis and Weiss，“Private Firm.”
[16]Ibid.
[17]Elizabeth Pennisi，“DNA Sequencers'Trial by Fire，”Science, May 81998：Vol. 280.no.5365，pp.814—817.
[18]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 171.
[19]ShreeveThe Genom War，p. 23.
[20]Ibid.，p. 51.
[21]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 180.
[22]Ashburner, M.Won for All：How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced（Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2006），p. 1.
[23]Ibid.，p. 15.
[24]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 176.
[25]Ibid.
[26]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 48.
[27]Ibid.，p. 53.
[28]Sulston and Ferry，The Common Thread，p. 188.
[29]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 53.
第12章 疯狂的杂志和破坏性的生意人
[1]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 190.
[2]James Shreeve，The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 125.
[3]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 93.
[4]Ibid.，p. 226.
[5]Maynard Olson，“The Human Genome Project：A Player's Perspective，”JournalofMolecularBiology，2002，319，931—942.
第13章 向前飞
[1]James Shreeve, The Genome War：How Craig Venter Tried to CapturetheCodeofLifeandSavetheWorld（New York：Ballantine，2005），p. 285.
[2]Ashburner, M.Won for All：How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced（Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2006），p. 45.
[3]Shreeve，The Genome War，p. 300.
[4]Ashburner, M.，Won for All，p. 55.
[5]John Sulston and Georgina Ferry，TheCommonThread（London：Corgi，2003），p. 232.
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