欧洲伟大的地理大发现之后,全球各地的互相联系空前紧密了,众多历史学家通过研究跨区域和跨文明的主题而反映了这个事实。其中最有趣的是:John H.Parry,Europe and a Wider World,1415~1715(New York,1949);John H.Parry,The Age of Reconnaissance:Discovery,Exploration and Settlement,1450~1650(New York,1963);P.M.Ashburn,The Ranks of Death:A Medical History of the Conquest of America(New York,1947);Donald F.Lach,Asia in the Making of Europe,multivolume(Chicago,1965~ );A.Greenfell Price,The Western Invasions of the Pacific and Its Continents:A Study of Moving Frontiers and Changing Landscapes,1513~1958(Oxford,1963);J.H.Elliott,The Old World and the New,1492~1650(New York,1970);Alfred W.Crosby,Jr.,The Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Consequences of1492 (Westport,Conn.,1972);Niels Steensgaard,Carracks,Caravans,and Companies:the Structural Crisis in the European Asian Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century(Lund,Sweden,1973);Carlo M.Cipolla,Guns,Sails and Empires:Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion,1400~1700 (New York,1966);Walter D.Wyman and Clifton B.Kroeber,eds.,The Frontier in Perspective(Madison,Wisc.,1957);Robert R.Palmer,The Age of Democratic Revolution:A Political History of Europe and America,1760~1800,2 vols.(Princeton,1959,1964);Hans Kohn,The Age of Nationalism:The First Era of Global History(New York,1962);W.S.and E.S.Woytinsky,World Population and Production:Trends and Outlook(New York,1953);和Barrington Moore,Jr.引起争议的Social Orgins of Dictatorship and Democracy,Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World(Boston,1966)。
欧洲与西方。相关著作汗牛充栋,令人眼花缭乱。一部非常流行而且写得很好的通史教材是Robert R.Palmer and Joel Colton,A History of the Modern World,5th ed.(New York,1977)。以下著作论述了伟大的欧洲帝国:Charles R.Boxer,Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion,1415~1825(Chester Springs,Pa.,1961);C.H.Haring,The Spanish Empire in America(New York,1947);W.B.Willcox,Star of Empire:A Study of Britain as a World Power,1485~1945(New York,1950)。关于第四个伟大的欧洲帝国法国,我不知道英语世界有任何堪与上述著作相比的论著,但是关于总体情况,参见D.K.Feildhouse,The Colonial Empires(New York,1966)。下列著作特别论述了欧洲内部政治演变:Crane Brinton,Anatomy of Revolution,rev.ed.(New York,1952);Peter Gay,The Enlightenment,An Interpretation(New York,1966);J.R.Pole,Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic(New York,1966);Eric J.Hobsbawm,The Age of Revolutions,1789~1848(Cleveland,1963)。关于法国大革命,George Lefebvre,The French Revolution,2 vols.(Cambridge,1965)堪与两位观点相反的一流专家的著作相提并论:Albert Soboul,The Parisian Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution,1793~1994(Oxford,1964)和Alfred Cobban,The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution(Cambridge,1964)。关于现代其他重要的转型,Phylis Dean,The First Industrial Revolution(Cambridge,1965);John Calpham,The Economic Development of France and Germany,1815~1914,4thed.(Cambridge,1936);David Landes,Prometheus Unbond(London,1969)和Walt W.Rostow,The Stages of Economic Growth,(Cambridge,1960)值得推荐。Peter N.Stearns,European Society in Upheaval(New York,1967)和George Mosse,The Culture of Western Europe:The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries:An Introduction(Chicago,1961)分别是各自论述主题的标准。两次世界大战期间,法国兴起了一个独特的历史学派,其代表作是英译本Fernand Braudel,The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip the II,2 vols.(New York,1972~1973)和Lucien Fevre,Life in Renaissance France(Cambridge,Mass.,1977)。
比一般著作更有趣的论述欧洲科学、技术和经济的著作包括:Alfred Rupert Hall,The Scientific Revolution,1500~1800(Boston,1954);Herbert Butterfield,The Origins of Modern Science,1300~1800(London and New York,1957);Abraham Wolf et al.,A History of Science,Technology and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,2nd ed.(New York,1951);Sir Eric Ashby,Technology and the Academics:An Essay on Universities and the Scientific Revolution(London,1958);John Francis Guimartin,Jr.,Gunpowder to Galleys:Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century(New York,1975);Fernand Braudel,Capitalism and Material Life,1400~800(New York,1973);John U.Nef,Industry and Government in France and England,1540~1640 (Philadelphia,1940);W.W.Rostow,British Economy of the Nineteenth Century(Oxford,1948)。
从现代欧美作者的众多著作中推荐阅读书目是徒劳的:我们现代语言的所有经典著作都在此列。同样,没有很多历史学家阐述了现代文化发展这个主题,所以他们宁可直接阅读原始文本。
俄国历史也许应该给予特别注意,因为本书的大多数读者也许对俄国历史的了解少于对西方世界历史的了解。Michael T.Florinski,Russia:A History and Interpretation,2 vols.(New York,1953~1954),是一本好书。Jane Harrison and Hope Mirrlees,trs.,The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum by Himself(London,1924)为读者提供了洞悉一名“旧信仰者”内心的精确而简明的论述。非常有趣的其他著作是:James Billington,The Icon and the Axe:An interpretive History of Russian Culture(New York,1966);Otto Hoetzsch,The Evolution of Russia(New York,1966);Raymond H.Fischer,The Russian Fur Trade,1550~1700(Berkeley,1943);W.E.D.Allen,The Ukraine:A History(Cambridge,1940)。Jerome Blum,Lord and Peasant in Russia(Princeton,1961)在第二部分进一步阅读书目说明中已经提及。两部有趣的著作追溯了俄国与中国关系的历史:John F.Baddeley,Russia,Mongolia and China,2 vols.(London,1919)和Michael N.Pavlovsky,Chinese-Russian Relations(New York,1949)。
非洲。除了第二部分进一步阅读书目说明中提及的非洲通史外,两部著作生动地描述了欧洲人的黑奴贸易:Basil Davidson, Black Mother:The African Slave Trade(Boston,1961)和Eric Williams,Capitalism and Slavery(Chapel Hill,N.C.,1944)。Philip D.Curtin,The Atlantic Slave Trade:A Census(Madison,Wisc.,1969)消除了以前被运往新大陆的黑奴数目的夸大估计。Leopold Marquard,The Story of South Africa(London,1955)是一本简明扼要的著作。Robert W.July,The Origins of Modern African Thought(New York,1968)和Philip D.Curtin,ed.,Africa and the West:Intellectual Responses to European Culture(Madison,Wisc.,1972)探讨了非洲的“第三世界”概念。
伊斯兰教世界。关于现代伊斯兰教世界的历史学仍然处于相当不满意的状态。下列通史著作是有帮助的:H.A.R.Gibb and Harold Bowen,Islamic Society and the West I:Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century,2 parts(London,1950,1957);Wilfred Cantwell Smith,Islam in Modern History(Princeton,1957);Gustave E.von Grunebaum,Modern Islam:the Search for Cultural Identity(Berkeley,1962);H.A.R.Gibb,Modern Trends in Islam(Chicago,1947);和Gustave E.von Grunebaum,ed.,Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization(Chicago,1955)。Marshall G.S.Hodgson的杰作 The Venture of Islam,3 vols.(Chicago,1974)在第二部分进一步阅读书目说明中已经列出了。Clifford Geertz,Islam Observed(New Haven,1968)分析了在伊斯兰教世界极端地区宗教与地方传统之间的相互影响。关于伊斯兰教个别地区,结果如下:George Antonius,The Arab Awakening(London,1938);Zeine N.Zeine,The Emergence of Arab Nationalism(Beirut,1966);Bernard Lewis,The Arabs in History,new ed.(London,1966);Bernard Lewis,The Emergence of Modern Turkey(New York,1961);Wilfred Cantwell Smith,Modern Islam in India:A Social Analysis,rev.ed.(London,1947);Percy Sykes,A History of Persia,3rded.,2 vols.(London,1952);和Peter Avery,Modern Iran(New York,1962)。
印度。Percival Spear,India:A Modern History(Ann Arbor,1961),和他对Vincent A.Smith,The Oxford History of India3rded.(Oxford,1958)的修订本,提供了一个基本的指南。K.M.Panikkar,A Survey of Indian History,3rded.(Bombay,1956),提出了一种印度的观点。Stanley Wolpert,A New History of India(New York,1977)在第二部分进一步阅读书目说明中已经提及。Percy Brown,Indian Painting under the Mughals,A.D.1550 to A.D.1750(Oxford,1924)提供了对伟大的莫卧儿皇帝统治下的印度文化的深刻见解。我对这个帝国的历史所知不多,但是它的创立者的回忆录,Annette S.Beveridge,tr.,Baburs Memoirs,4 vols.(London,1912~1921)读来令人愉快。W.H.Moreland的两部著作:India at the Death of Akbar:An Economic Study(London,1920);From Akbar to Aurangzeb,A Study in Indian Economic History(London,1923);和M.Athar Ali,The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb(New York,1966)是有帮助的。还可参见Richard G.Fox,Kin,Clan,Raja and Rule:State-Hinterland Relations in Preindustrial India(Berkeley,1971)。
中国和日本。E.O.Reischauer,J.K.Fairbank,and A.M.Craig,East Asia:Tradition and Transformation(Boston,1973)和George M.Beckman,The Modernization of China and Japan(New York,1962)提供了远东近代历史的概述。Immanuel Hsu,The Rise of Modern China,2nd ed.(New York,1975)是对近代中国历史的最好概述。Charles R.Boxer,Fidalgos in the Far East,1550~1700(Hague,1948)老练地论述了葡萄牙的作用。关于基督教传教士,参见:Kenneth Scott Latourette,A History of Christian Missions in China(New York,1929)和Arnold H.Rowbotham, Missionary and Mandarin:The Jesuits at the Court of China(Berkeley,1942)。关于政府,见 Franz Michael,The Origin of Manchu Rule in China(Baltimore,1942)和Etienne Balazs,Political Theory and Administrative Reality in Traditional China(London,1965)。Jonathan Spence,The Death of Woman Wang(New York,1978)是中华帝国晚期下层社会生活的形象描述。Ping-ti Ho,Studies on the Population of China,1368~1953(Cambridge,1959);同一作者的The Ladder of Success in Imperial China:Aspects of Social Mobility,1368~1911(New York,1962);Chung-li Chang,The Chinese Gentry:Studies in their Role in Nineteenth Century Chinese Society(Seattle,1955);和Hsiao-tung Fei,Peasant Life in China:A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley(New York,1946)都论述了最近几个世纪中国社会的秩序和无序问题。关于技术,Sun E-tu Zen and Sun S.C.,Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century(University Park,Pa.,1966)。Theodore de Bary,ed.,Sources of Chinese Tradition(New York,1966)是按照年代和主题顺序编辑的文献翻译汇编,非常有用。John K.Fairbank,ed.,Chinese Thought and Institutions(Chicago,1957)探讨了中国思想史,John K.Fairbank,ed.,The Chinese World Order:Traditional Chinese Foreign Relations(Cambridge,Mass.,1968)也富有启迪意义。
Osvald Siren,A History of Later Chinese Painting,2 vols.(London,1938)提供了近代中国艺术的最好标本。学生也可以通过选读传统的中国小说来熟悉中国社会的本质。其中2本最重要的小说可以得到英文译本:Wu Ching-tzu,The Scholars(New York,1972)和Tsao Chan,Dream of the Red Chamber(New York,1958)。
至于日本近代历史的研究,参见:George B.Sansom,The Western World and Japan(New York,1950);Donald Keene,The Japanese Discovery of Europe(New York,1954);Charles R.Boxer,The Christian Century in Japan,1549~1650 (Berkeley,1951);Conrad D.Totman,Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu,1600~1843(Cambridge,Mass.,1967);Robert N.Bellah,Tokugawa Religion(Glencoe,III.,1957);Maruyama Masao,Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan(Princeton,1974);William R.Braisted,tr.,Meiroku Zasshi:Journal of the Japanese Enlightenment(Cambridge,Mass.,1976);Hugh Borton,Japans Modern Century(New York,1955);和Tetsuo Najita,Japan(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1974)。Thomas C.Smith,The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan(Stanford,1959),是一部阐述早期近代日本社会的杰作。
Peter C.Swann, An Introduction to the Arts of Japan(Oxford,1958)是一本有帮助的著作。Ichitaro Kondo,ed.,Hiroshige,The Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido(Honolulu,1965)提供了由最伟大的日本艺术家之一翻译的德川时代后期社会的景象。Howard Hibbert,The Floating World in Japanese Fiction(New York,1959)是对德川时代日本世俗小说的优秀介绍。